Computer Organization and Architecture Computer technology has made incredible improvement in the past half century. In the early part of computer evolution, there were no stored-program computer, the computational power was less and on the top of it the size of the computer was a very huge one. Today, a personal computer has more computational […]
Computer Architecture Tutorials
Before Moving Ahead with the Computer Architecture tutorials, Lets have a look at what we will learn in these Topics.
By the end of this Subject, we will be able to learn:
Overview of CPU Design The operation or task that must perform by CPU are: Fetch Instruction: The CPU reads an instruction from memory. Interpret Instruction: The instruction is decoded to determine what action is required. Fetch Data: The execution of an instruction may require reading data from memory or I/O module. Process data: The execution […]
To execute an instruction, the control unit of the CPU must generate the required control signal in the proper sequence. As for example, during the fetch phase, CPU has to generate PCout signal along with other required signal in the first clock pulse. In the second clock pulse CPU has to generate PCin signal along […]
Concept of Memory We have already mentioned that digital computer works on stored programmed concept introduced by Von Neumann. We use memory to store the information, which includes both program and data. Due to several reasons, we have different kind of memories. We use different kind of memory at different lavel.The memory of computer is […]
Input/Output Organization The computer system’s input/output (I/O) architecture is its interface to the outside world. Till now we have discussed the two important modules of the computer system – The processor and The memory module. The third key component of a computer system is a set of I/O modules Each I/O module interfaces to the system bus […]
Arithmetic and logic Unit (ALU) ALU is responsible to perform the operation in the computer. The basic operations are implemented in hardware level. ALU is having collection of two types of operations: 1.Arithmetic operations 2.Logical operations Consider an ALU having 4 arithmetic operations and 4 logical operation. To identify any one of these four logical […]
Main Memory The main working principle of digital computer is Von-Neumann stored program principle. First of all we have to keep all the information in some storage, mainly known as main memory, and CPU interacts with the main memory only. Therefore, memory management is an important issue while designing a computer system. On the other […]
Paging Both unequal fixed size and variable size partitions are inefficient in the use of memory. It has been observed that both schemes lead to memory wastage. Therefore we are not using the memory efficiently. There is another scheme for use of memory which is known as paging.In this scheme,The memory is partitioned into equal […]
Execution of a Complete Instructions: We have discussed about four different types of basic operations: Fetch information from memory to CPU Store information to CPU register to memory Transfer of data between CPU registers. Perform arithmetic or logic operation and store the result in CPU registers. To execute a complete instruction we need to take […]
Concept of Program Execution The instructions constituting a program to be executed by a computer are loaded in sequential locations in its main memory. To execute this program, the CPU fetches one instruction at a time and performs the functions specified. Instructions are fetched from successive memory locations until the execution of a branch or […]
Internal Organization of Memory Chips A memory cell is capable of storing 1-bit of information. A number of memory cells are organized in the form of a matrix to form the memory chip. Figure : 16 X 8 Memory Organization Each row of cells constitutes a memory word, and all cell of a row are […]
Mapping Functions The mapping functions are used to map a particular block of main memory to a particular block of cache. This mapping function is used to transfer the block from main memory to cache memory. Three different mapping functions are available: Direct mapping: A particular block of main memory can be brought to a […]