The two principal characteristics of a computer are: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program ). Modern computers are electronic and digital.The actual machinery wires, transistors, and circuits is called hardware. the instructions and data are called software. All general-purpose […]
Microprocessors tutorials
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contains the processing unit of a computer or other electronic device. It is also known as a central processing unit (CPU) and is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.
The first microprocessors were developed in the 1970s and were used in early personal computers. Since then, microprocessors have become smaller, faster, and more powerful, leading to the development of a wide range of electronic devices, from smartphones and tablets to industrial control systems and embedded systems.
A microprocessor typically contains several functional units, including the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, registers, and memory interface. The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations, while the control unit fetches instructions from memory and executes them. Registers are small, high-speed storage areas used to hold data and instructions temporarily, while the memory interface connects the microprocessor to external memory devices.
Microprocessors are designed to work with a specific set of instructions, known as the instruction set architecture (ISA). The ISA defines the types of instructions the microprocessor can execute and how they are encoded and executed. Different microprocessors may have different ISAs, which can affect the performance and compatibility of software applications.
One of the key features of microprocessors is their ability to execute instructions in parallel, or at the same time. This is accomplished through pipelining, where the microprocessor fetches, decodes, and executes multiple instructions simultaneously. Other techniques for parallel execution include superscalar processing, where the microprocessor can execute multiple instructions at the same time, and multi-threading, where the microprocessor can execute multiple threads of instructions simultaneously.
In summary, a microprocessor is a small, powerful electronic device that contains the processing unit of a computer or other electronic device. It executes instructions and performs calculations, and is designed to work with a specific set of instructions known as the ISA. Microprocessors can execute instructions in parallel, which helps to improve performance and efficiency.
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Microcomputer Organization: The basic components of a microcomputer are: 1) CPU 2) Program memory 3) Data memory 4) Output ports 5) Input ports 6) Clock generator. These components are shown in figure below: Central Processing Unit: The CPU consists of ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), Register unit and control unit. The CPU retrieves stored instructions and […]
FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING: A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that serves as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It is a programmable device that can perform arithmetic and logic operations on data and execute instructions stored in memory. To communicate with the microprocessor, programmers use two types of languages: machine language and assembly […]
IO Interfacing INPUT/OUTPUT Techniques In all process content applications, Microprocessor would like to communicate with different I/O devices for data transfers is transfer of data between circuitry external to the Microprocessor itself. This transfer of data is in addition to transfers between the microprocessor and memory and is referred to as input/output or I/O. In addition […]
INSTRUCTION FORMAT: All instruction of 8085 are 1 to 3 bytes in length .the bit pattern of the first cycle is the op code. The bit pattern is decoded in the instruction register and p[provides information used by the timing and content section to generate sequence of elementary operation micro operation that implemented the instruction. […]
An instruction set is a group of commands for a CPU in machine language. The term can refer to all possible instructions for a CPU or a subset of instructions to enhance its performance in certain situations. An Instruction is a command given to the computer to perform a specified operation on given data. The […]
8085 interrupt structure There are five interrupt input TRAP,RST 75,SRT 65,RST 55 and IWTR. TRAP is a nonmaskable interrupt, that is, it cannot be disabled by an instruction RST75,65,55 and INTR are maskable interrupt i.e. they can be enabled or disabled by software. The 8085 A interrupt structure is shown in fig. INTE F/F : When the power is […]
Synchronous data transfer Synchronous means “at the same time”.The device which sends data and the device which receives data are synchronized with the same clock.When the CPU and I/O devices match in speed,this technique of data transfer is employed.The data transfer with I/O devices is performed executing IN or OUT instructions for I/O mapped I/O […]
INTERRUPT I/O TRANSFER This is a device initiated Microprocessor controlled I/O transfer. A Microprocessor may be communicating other time. In the case of CPU initiated polled I/O transfer. Polling of I/O service request flags monopolizes a significant amount of a microprocessor time. This reduces system through put the total useful information processed or communicated during a specified time period […]
DMA D.M.A stands for direct memory access.D.M.A is also referred to as hardware controlled I/O, D.M.A is the only type of I/O transfer in which the Microprocessor is not involved in the transfer of data between the memory and the external device . In this case there is direct data transfer between an I/O device […]
Serial Input / Output data using 8085 8085 Microprocessor has two Serial Input/Output pins that are used to read/write one bit data to and from peripheral devices. SID (Serial Input Data) line There is an One bit Input line inside the 8085 CPU (Pin number 5) 1 bit data can be externally read and stored […]
The salient features of 8085 µp are: • It is a 8 bit microprocessor. • It is manufactured with N-MOS technology. • It has 16-bit address bus and hence can address up to 216 = 65536 bytes (64KB) memory locations through A0-A15. • The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines of data […]