A digital system is a combination of devices designed to manipulate logical information or physical quantities that are represented in digital form; that is, the quantities can take on only discrete values. These devices are most often electronic, but they can also be mechanical, magnetic, or pneumatic. Some of the more familiar digital systems include digital […]
Digital Electronics tutorials
Digital electronics is a field of electronics that deals with the manipulation and processing of digital signals using electronic circuits. It involves the use of discrete digital values (usually represented as 0s and 1s) to represent and transmit information. Digital electronics is the foundation of modern computing systems and has revolutionized the way we process, store, and communicate data.
At the core of digital electronics is the binary number system, which represents information using two discrete states: 0 and 1. These states can be represented physically using voltage levels in electronic circuits. A logic level of 0 typically corresponds to a low voltage (e.g., 0 volts), while a logic level of 1 corresponds to a high voltage (e.g., 5 volts). These voltage levels can vary depending on the specific logic family and technology being used.
Digital electronics employs logic gates as fundamental building blocks. Logic gates are electronic circuits that perform basic logical operations on one or more input signals to produce an output signal. The most common logic gates include:
- AND Gate: The output of an AND gate is high (1) only if all of its inputs are high; otherwise, the output is low (0).
- OR Gate: The output of an OR gate is high if any of its inputs are high; otherwise, the output is low.
- NOT Gate: Also known as an inverter, a NOT gate produces the complement of its input. If the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa.
- XOR (Exclusive OR) Gate: The output of an XOR gate is high if the number of high inputs is odd; otherwise, the output is low.
These logic gates can be combined to build more complex circuits, such as adders, multiplexers, flip-flops, and counters. These circuits are the building blocks of digital systems, including microprocessors, memory chips, and various digital devices.
Digital electronics also involves concepts like sequential logic and memory elements. Sequential logic circuits use feedback to store and remember previous states, enabling them to perform tasks that involve memory and sequential operations. Flip-flops and registers are examples of sequential logic elements.
In addition to logic gates and sequential logic, digital electronics also covers topics like Boolean algebra, truth tables, logic minimization techniques (such as Karnaugh maps and Quine-McCluskey method), timing analysis, and digital signal processing.
With the advancement of digital electronics, various technologies and standards have emerged, such as CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) logic, TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic), FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays), and ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits).
Digital electronics has had a profound impact on various industries, including telecommunications, computing, consumer electronics, and automation. It has enabled the development of powerful computers, high-speed communication systems, digital media devices, and advanced control systems, among many other applications.
Specifically you will learn about the below given topics:
Why Binary? The number system that you are familiar with, that you use every day, is the decimal number system, also commonly referred to as the base-10 system. When you perform computations such as 3 + 2 = 5, or 21 – 7 = 14, you are using the decimal number system. This system, which […]
BOOLEAN CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES Boolean algebra differs in a major way from ordinary algebra because Boolean constants and variables are allowed to have only two possible values, 0 or 1. A Boolean variable is a quantity that may, at different times, be equal to either 0 or 1. Boolean variables are often used to represent […]
1- The NAND Gate as a Universal Logic Element The NAND gate is a universal gate because it can be used to produce the NOT, the AND, the OR, and the NOR functions. An inverter can be made from a NAND gate by connecting all of the inputs together and creating, in effect, a single input, as […]
Boolean Addition In Boolean algebra, a sum term is a sum of literals. In logic circuits, a sum term is produced by an OR operation with no AND operations involved. Boolean Multiplication Boolean multiplication is equivalent to the AND operation. In Boolean algebra, a product term is the product of literals. In logic circuits, a product term is produced […]
Overview In digital electronics, codes are used to represent information in a binary format. Parity is a technique used to detect errors in data transmission or storage. Binary Code: Binary code is the most fundamental form of digital code, using only two symbols: 0 and 1. It represents information using combinations of these symbols. Binary […]
Arithmetic circuits are digital circuits designed to perform arithmetic operations on binary numbers. They are an essential component of digital systems, such as microprocessors, calculators, and digital signal processors. Arithmetic circuits enable the manipulation of numerical data, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Here are some common arithmetic circuits: 1. BINARY ADDERS Half Adder: A […]
Decoders and encoders are fundamental digital circuits used in digital electronics. They are designed to convert between different representations of data, such as binary codes, addresses, or signals. Let’s explore decoders and encoders in more detail: 1.Decoders: As its name indicates, a decoder is a circuit component that decodes an input code. Given a binary code […]
Multiplexers A multiplexer or MUX, also called a data selector, is a combinational circuit with more than one input line, one output line and more than one selection line. There are some multiplexer ICs that provide complementary outputs. Also, multiplexers in IC form almost invariably have an ENABLE or STROBE input, which needs to be […]
FLIPFLOPS The basic 1-bit digital memory circuit is known as a flip-flop. It can have only two states, either the 1 state or the 0 state. A flip-flop is also known as a bistable multivibrator. Flip-flops can be obtained by using NAND or NOR gates. The general block diagram representation of a flip-flop is shown […]
Counting is frequently required in digital computers and other digital systems to record the number of events occurring in a specified interval of time. Normally an electronic counter is used for counting the number of pulses coming at the input line in a specified time period. The counter must possess memory since it has to remember its […]
REGISTERS A register is a group of binary storage cells capable of holding binary information. A group of flip-flops constitutes a register, since each flip-flop can work as a binary cell. An n-bit register, has n flip-flops and is capable of holding n-bits information. In addition to flip-flops a register can have a combinational part that performs data-processing […]
READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM) A read-only memory (ROM) is a device that includes both the decoder and the OR gates within a single IC package. The connections between the outputs of the decoder and the inputs of the OR gates can be specified for each particular configuration. A ROM is essentially a memory (or storage) device in which […]
What is ADC ? An electronic integrated circuit which transforms a signal from analog (continuous) to digital (discrete) form. Analog signals are directly measurable quantities. Digital signals only have two states. For digital computer, we refer to binary states, 0 and 1. Why ADC is needed ? Microprocessors can only perform complex processing on digitized signals. When signals […]
Sequential Logic Circuits Till now we studied the logic circuits whose outputs at any instant of time depend only on the input signals present at that time are known as combinational circuits. Moreover, in a combinational circuit, the output appears immediately for a change in input, except for the propagation delay through circuit gates. On the other […]
An S-R flip-flop has two inputs named Set (S) and Reset (R), and two outputs Q and Q’. The outputs are complement of each other, i.e., if one of the outputs is 0 then the other should be 1. This can be implemented using NAND or NOR gates. The block diagram of an S-R flip-flop is shown […]
Generally, synchronous circuits change their states only when clock pulses are present. The operation of the basic flip-flop can be modified by including an additional input to control the behavior of the circuit. Such a circuit is shown below:- The circuit shown above consists of two AND gates. The clock input is connected to both […]
Combinational logic refers to a type of digital logic circuit in which the output depends solely on the current inputs. It doesn’t have any memory or feedback, meaning that the output is determined directly by the combination of inputs at any given time. Combinational logic circuits are widely used in digital systems, such as computers, […]
This section Contains digital electronics study notes, we have compiled this notes for the readers to know what they learned or what they will learn in the subject of digital electronics . this will help them for Quick revision. Number system: the system used to count discrete units is called number system. Decimal system: the […]