Computers Basic MCQs Set-25

A person who uses their expertise to gain unauthorized access to other people's computers to obtain information illegally or cause harm is commonly referred to as a "hacker" or "cybercriminal."

Hackers are individuals who possess advanced knowledge of computer systems, networks, and security vulnerabilities. While there are different types of hackers, the term "hacker" often refers to those who engage in illegal activities, such as unauthorized intrusion, data theft, or malicious actions.

Here are a few terms associated with different types of hackers:

1. Black Hat Hacker: Also known as a "cracker," a black hat hacker is an individual who uses their skills for malicious purposes. They exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems, networks, or software to gain unauthorized access, steal sensitive information, or cause damage.

2. White Hat Hacker: Also known as an "ethical hacker" or "security researcher," a white hat hacker is an individual who uses their skills to identify and fix security vulnerabilities. They work legally and ethically to improve the security of computer systems, often employed by organizations to conduct penetration testing and vulnerability assessments.

3. Grey Hat Hacker: A grey hat hacker is someone who falls between the black hat and white hat categories. They may engage in unauthorized activities to expose vulnerabilities or inform the affected party, even though their actions are not entirely legal.

4. Script Kiddie: A script kiddie is an individual who lacks advanced technical skills but uses pre-written scripts or tools to launch attacks or gain unauthorized access to computer systems. They typically rely on existing hacking tools and techniques without fully understanding the underlying technology.

It's important to note that hacking, particularly unauthorized access and malicious activities, is illegal and unethical. Ethical hacking, conducted with proper authorization and for legitimate security purposes, is aimed at identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities to enhance overall cybersecurity.

Organizations and individuals should prioritize security measures, such as strong passwords, regular software updates, and security audits, to protect their systems and data from potential cyber threats.

To access properties of an object, the mouse technique commonly used is right-clicking.

By right-clicking on an object, such as a file, folder, or icon, a context menu typically appears. This context menu provides options and actions specific to the selected object. Among the available options, there is often an option labeled "Properties" or something similar.

Selecting the "Properties" option from the context menu opens a dialog or window that displays detailed information and settings related to the selected object. This can include information such as file size, file type, creation/modification dates, permissions, and various configurable options depending on the nature of the object.

The "Properties" dialog or window allows you to view and modify specific attributes or settings associated with the object, providing you with additional control and information about it. This can be useful for tasks like adjusting file/folder permissions, changing appearance settings, checking file details, or accessing advanced configuration options.

It's worth mentioning that the specific mouse techniques and actions may vary slightly depending on the operating system and the context in which the object is being accessed. However, right-clicking to access the context menu and selecting the "Properties" option is a common approach in many graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for accessing object properties.

A DVD is an example of an optical storage medium.

Optical storage mediums use laser technology to read and write data. DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs) are a type of optical disc that can store large amounts of data, typically ranging from 4.7 gigabytes (single-layer DVD) to 8.5 gigabytes (dual-layer DVD).

DVDs can be used for various purposes, including:

1. Video Storage: DVDs are commonly used for storing movies, TV shows, and other video content. They provide a convenient way to distribute and watch video content on DVD players or DVD drives on computers.

2. Data Storage: DVDs can also be used for data storage. They offer a relatively large storage capacity and can be used to backup or archive files, documents, images, and other data.

3. Software Distribution: DVDs are often used for distributing software applications, games, and other software packages. They provide a physical medium for users to install software on their computers.

4. Media Authoring: DVDs can be used for media authoring, allowing users to create their own video compilations, presentations, or interactive content using DVD authoring software.

DVDs have been widely used in the past as a popular storage medium, especially for video content. However, with the rise of digital streaming and online distribution platforms, their popularity has declined in recent years.

It's important to note that there are different types of DVDs, such as DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-ROM. Each type has specific characteristics and compatibility with different devices and drives.

Overall, DVDs are an example of optical storage mediums that offer a means to store and distribute data, videos, and software in a physical disc format.

The process of transferring files from a computer on the Internet to your computer is commonly referred to as "downloading."

Downloading involves retrieving files or data from a remote server or another computer connected to the Internet and saving them to your local computer or storage device. It allows you to obtain files such as documents, images, videos, software, and more, from various sources on the Internet.

The steps to download files typically involve:

1. Locating the file: You can find files to download by visiting websites, file-sharing platforms, online storage services, or other sources. The file may be provided as a direct download link or through a specific download button on a webpage.

2. Initiating the download: To begin the download, you click on the download link or button associated with the file. This action triggers the transfer process.

3. Downloading the file: Once initiated, the file is transferred over the Internet from the remote server to your computer. The speed and duration of the download depend on factors such as the file size, your internet connection speed, and server responsiveness.

4. Saving the file: After the download completes, you are prompted to choose a location on your computer where the file will be saved. You can select a specific folder or location based on your preference.

5. Verifying the file: It's a good practice to verify the integrity of the downloaded file, especially for critical or sensitive content. This can involve comparing the file's checksum or digital signature with the provided values, or using antivirus software to scan the file for potential malware.

Downloading files allows you to access and use various resources available on the Internet, ranging from software installations and updates to multimedia content, documents, and more. It enables you to acquire files from remote locations and make them available for offline use on your local computer.

It's worth noting that downloading files should be done in compliance with copyright laws and ethical guidelines. It's important to respect intellectual property rights and ensure that you have proper authorization or permissions to download and use the files.

In summary, the process of transferring files from a computer on the Internet to your computer is commonly known as "downloading." It involves initiating the download, transferring the file over the Internet, saving it to your local storage, and verifying its integrity if necessary.

The process of dividing the disk into tracks and sectors is known as "disk formatting" or "disk initialization."

Disk formatting is a preparation process performed on a disk storage medium, such as a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD), to establish the necessary structure and organization for storing and retrieving data. It involves the creation of tracks and sectors on the disk surface.

Here's a brief explanation of tracks and sectors:

- Tracks: A track is a concentric circular path on the surface of the disk. It represents a complete revolution of the read/write head of the disk drive. Tracks are typically divided into equal-sized arcs known as sectors.

- Sectors: A sector is a small, fixed-sized unit of data storage on a track. It is the smallest addressable unit on the disk and holds a specific amount of data, usually 512 bytes or 4,096 bytes (depending on the disk's formatting).

During the formatting process, the disk controller or operating system writes the necessary formatting information, such as the file system structure, track layout, sector size, and other metadata, to the disk's internal data structures. This information enables the disk drive to organize and manage data storage effectively.

Disk formatting is typically performed during the initial setup of a disk or when the disk needs to be erased and prepared for reuse. It is an essential step before the disk can be used to store files and data. The formatting process initializes the disk, ensuring that it is ready to accept data and providing the necessary framework for file systems to allocate and manage storage space.

It's important to note that disk formatting erases any existing data on the disk, so it's crucial to backup any important data before performing the formatting process.

In summary, disk formatting is the process of dividing a disk into tracks and sectors, establishing the necessary structure for data storage. It prepares the disk for data allocation, enables efficient storage management, and ensures compatibility with the chosen file system.

In Windows operating systems, the Help Menu is typically accessed through a button or option located in the application's title bar or menu bar. However, the specific placement and appearance can vary depending on the version of Windows and the application you are using.

RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computing. It is a computer architecture design philosophy that focuses on simplicity and efficiency by using a reduced set of simple and highly optimized instructions.

In a RISC architecture, the instruction set is streamlined, consisting of a small number of basic instructions that can be executed quickly. RISC processors typically have a fixed instruction length and a large number of general-purpose registers. The design principles of RISC aim to minimize the complexity of the instruction set and simplify the instruction execution process, leading to faster and more efficient processing.

Some key characteristics of RISC architecture include:

1. Simple Instructions: RISC processors typically have a limited set of simple instructions, each performing a specific operation. The instructions are designed to execute in a single clock cycle, making them faster and more predictable.

2. Load-Store Architecture: RISC processors often follow a load-store architecture, where data is loaded from memory into registers, processed within registers, and then stored back into memory. This approach minimizes memory access operations and simplifies instruction decoding.

3. Register-Centric: RISC architectures emphasize the use of registers for temporary storage and computation. They typically have a large number of registers available, reducing the need to access memory frequently.

4. Pipelining: RISC processors often employ pipelining, a technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution to improve performance. This allows for concurrent execution of multiple instructions, taking advantage of the simplicity and regularity of the instruction set.

RISC architecture has been widely adopted in various computing devices, including embedded systems, mobile devices, and high-performance computing. It offers advantages such as improved performance, lower power consumption, and easier compiler design due to the simplicity and regularity of the instruction set.

There are several basic functions of a computer, and one of the following options is not considered a basic function:

1. Input: This involves the process of entering data or instructions into a computer system. It can be done through various input devices such as keyboards, mice, scanners, or touchscreens.
2. Processing: This refers to the manipulation and transformation of data by the computer's central processing unit (CPU). The CPU executes instructions, performs calculations, and carries out logical operations.
3. Output: This involves the presentation or display of processed data or information to the user. Output can be in various forms such as text, images, sounds, or visual displays on screens, speakers, or printers.
4. Storage: This function involves the ability to store and retrieve data or information for later use. It includes both temporary storage (RAM) and long-term storage (hard drives, solid-state drives, or other storage devices).

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a coding system that provides a standardized way to represent characters as numeric codes. It was developed in the early days of computing to facilitate the exchange of information between different computer systems and devices.

ASCII assigns a unique 7-bit binary code to each character, including letters (both uppercase and lowercase), digits, punctuation marks, and control characters. The ASCII codes range from 0 to 127, representing a total of 128 characters.

Here are some examples of ASCII codes and their corresponding characters:

- ASCII code 65: represents the uppercase letter 'A'
- ASCII code 97: represents the lowercase letter 'a'
- ASCII code 48: represents the digit '0'
- ASCII code 33: represents the exclamation mark '!'
- ASCII code 32: represents the space character ' '

By using ASCII codes, computers can represent and process text data in a standardized format. ASCII has been widely adopted and supported by various computer systems, programming languages, and communication protocols.

It's worth noting that with the advancement of technology and the need to support a broader range of characters and languages, ASCII has been extended and superseded by other character encoding standards like Unicode, which provides a much larger character set to accommodate global language support.

The part of the computer directly involved in executing the instructions of a computer program is the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

The CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer because it performs the essential processing and control functions required to execute program instructions and perform calculations.