Computers Basic MCQs Set-19

OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) is a programming paradigm that is based on the concept of "objects" which can contain data and code that operates on that data. It encompasses several principles that guide the design and implementation of object-oriented systems. Some commonly recognized OOP principles are:

1. Encapsulation: Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data and methods within an object, hiding the internal details and providing a public interface for interaction with the object. It promotes information hiding and data protection.

2. Inheritance: Inheritance allows objects to inherit properties and behaviors from parent or base classes. It enables code reuse, promotes modularity, and supports the creation of hierarchical relationships between classes.

3. Polymorphism: Polymorphism allows objects of different types to be treated as instances of a common base class. It allows for code flexibility, as different objects can respond differently to the same method call based on their specific implementations.

4. Abstraction: Abstraction involves simplifying complex systems by focusing on essential properties and behaviors while hiding unnecessary details. It allows for the creation of abstract classes and interfaces that define common behaviors without specifying the implementation details.

5. Modularity: Modularity promotes dividing a system into smaller, independent modules or components that can be developed and maintained separately. It improves code organization, reusability, and scalability.

These principles, along with other concepts such as composition, polymorphism, and design patterns, form the foundation of object-oriented programming and help in creating modular, maintainable, and extensible software systems.

COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) is a programming language that is widely used in business applications, particularly in the financial and administrative sectors. It was developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and since then, it has gained popularity and widespread adoption in enterprise systems.

COBOL is designed to handle large-scale data processing and business-oriented tasks. It provides features and syntax that align well with the requirements of business applications, such as handling structured data, performing calculations, and generating reports.

RAM stands for "Random Access Memory."

RAM is a type of computer memory that is used for temporary storage of data that is actively being used by the computer. It is often referred to as the computer's primary or main memory.

The term "random access" refers to the ability to access any location in the memory directly, rather than sequentially. This means that data can be read from or written to any location in RAM with roughly the same speed, regardless of the physical location of the data.

RAM is volatile memory, which means that its contents are lost when the computer is powered off or restarted. It is different from permanent storage devices like hard drives or solid-state drives (SSDs), which retain data even when power is removed.

RAM plays a crucial role in the overall performance of a computer system. It is used to temporarily store the operating system, applications, and data that are actively being processed by the CPU. The more RAM a computer has, the more data it can store and access quickly, which can lead to improved performance and multitasking capabilities.

In summary, RAM is a fast and temporary storage medium used by computers to hold data and instructions that are actively being processed. It provides quick access to data and is essential for the smooth operation of computer systems.

1 Byte is equal to 8 bits.

In computing, a byte is a unit of digital information that typically consists of 8 bits. Each bit can represent a binary value of either 0 or 1. By combining 8 bits together, we can represent a total of 256 different values (2^8 = 256).

Bytes are commonly used to measure the size or capacity of storage devices, file sizes, and data transmission rates. They provide a convenient way to represent and manipulate data in binary form.

It's worth noting that the byte is the fundamental unit of storage in most computer systems, and many data types and operations in programming languages are based on bytes. For example, a character in ASCII encoding typically requires 1 byte, and an integer may be represented by 2 or 4 bytes, depending on the specific data type and system architecture.

SMPS stands for "Switched-Mode Power Supply."

A switched-mode power supply is a type of power supply unit that converts electrical power efficiently from one form to another. It is commonly used in electronic devices and computer systems to provide a stable and regulated DC (direct current) voltage.

The primary function of an SMPS is to convert the incoming AC (alternating current) voltage from the mains power supply into a DC voltage that is suitable for powering electronic components. It achieves this conversion through a series of stages, including rectification, filtering, and voltage regulation.

The key advantage of an SMPS over traditional linear power supplies is its efficiency. SMPSs operate by rapidly switching the input voltage on and off at a high frequency, allowing for efficient power conversion. This switching action enables the SMPS to deliver power at higher efficiency levels, reducing heat dissipation and energy waste.

SMPSs are commonly found in various electronic devices, including desktop computers, laptops, televisions, gaming consoles, and many other consumer electronics. They are also used in industrial applications and power distribution systems.

In summary, SMPS stands for "Switched-Mode Power Supply," which is a type of power supply unit used in electronic devices to convert and regulate electrical power efficiently.

The device used to carry digital data on analog lines is called a "modem."

Modem stands for "modulator-demodulator." It is a communication device that modulates digital data into analog signals for transmission over analog lines and demodulates the received analog signals back into digital data.

In the context of computer networking, modems are commonly used to connect computers or network devices to the internet or other remote networks using traditional telephone lines or cable TV lines. The modem converts the digital data generated by the computer into analog signals that can be transmitted over the analog lines, and vice versa.

Modems can operate at different speeds, typically measured in bits per second (bps) or more commonly in kilobits per second (Kbps) or megabits per second (Mbps). The speed of a modem determines the rate at which data can be transmitted and received over the communication link.

With advancements in technology, digital communication methods such as DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) and cable modems have become more prevalent, offering higher speeds and more efficient data transmission over existing analog lines.

In summary, a modem is the device used to carry digital data on analog lines by converting digital signals into analog signals for transmission and vice versa.

VDU stands for "Visual Display Unit," and it is also commonly referred to as a "Monitor."

A VDU or monitor is an output device that displays visual information generated by a computer. It allows users to view text, graphics, videos, and other visual content produced by the computer system.

The monitor consists of a screen or display panel that uses various technologies such as LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light-Emitting Diode), or OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) to present visual information. It is connected to the computer's video output port, which sends the video signals to the monitor for display.

Monitors come in different sizes, resolutions, and display qualities, ranging from standard-definition (SD) to high-definition (HD) and even ultra-high-definition (UHD) or 4K resolution. They can be CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors, which were common in the past but are less prevalent today, or the more modern flat-panel displays like LCD or LED monitors.

VDU or monitor plays a crucial role in providing a visual interface for users to interact with the computer system. It allows users to see and interact with the graphical user interface (GUI), applications, documents, images, videos, and other visual elements of the computer system.

In summary, VDU (Visual Display Unit) is also called a monitor. It is an output device that displays visual information from a computer system and allows users to view and interact with the graphical content.

BIOS stands for "Basic Input/Output System."

The BIOS is a firmware or software program that is embedded in a computer's motherboard. It is responsible for initializing and controlling the basic hardware components of the computer system, such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, storage devices, and input/output devices.

The BIOS performs several essential functions during the booting process of the computer. These include:

1. Power-On Self Test (POST): The BIOS performs a series of diagnostic tests to check the hardware components of the computer and ensure they are functioning correctly.

2. Booting: The BIOS initiates the boot process by loading the operating system from the computer's storage device (e.g., hard drive, solid-state drive) into the computer's memory (RAM).

3. System Configuration: The BIOS provides a user interface (BIOS setup utility) that allows users to configure various system settings, such as the boot device order, date and time, hardware settings, and security options.

4. Device Initialization: The BIOS initializes and configures the computer's hardware devices, including the keyboard, mouse, display adapter, and other peripheral devices.

The BIOS is typically stored in a non-volatile memory chip on the motherboard, which retains its contents even when the computer is powered off. In modern computers, the traditional BIOS has been largely replaced by the newer UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) firmware, which provides enhanced functionality and features.

In summary, BIOS stands for "Basic Input/Output System." It is a firmware or software program that controls the basic hardware functions of a computer and plays a crucial role in the booting process and system initialization.

The "C" programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie. He is often referred to as the "Father of C" for his significant contributions to the design and development of the language. Dennis Ritchie, along with his colleagues at Bell Labs, created the C programming language in the early 1970s as a successor to the B programming language. C became widely popular and influential, serving as the foundation for many other programming languages and playing a vital role in the development of operating systems and software applications. Dennis Ritchie's work on C has had a lasting impact on the field of computer science and programming.

The instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks are referred to as "computer programs" or "software."

Computer programs are sets of instructions written in a programming language that provide a sequence of steps for the computer to follow in order to perform specific tasks or calculations. These instructions can include operations such as mathematical calculations, data manipulation, input/output operations, decision-making processes, and control flow.

Computer programs can be written by programmers using programming languages such as C, C++, Python, Java, or JavaScript. The programs are then compiled or interpreted into machine-readable code that the computer can understand and execute.

The instructions in a computer program are designed to solve specific problems or automate certain tasks based on the requirements of the user or the intended application. They define the logic and sequence of operations that the computer needs to perform in order to achieve the desired outcome.

In summary, the instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks are referred to as computer programs or software. These programs are written in programming languages and provide a set of instructions that guide the computer's operations to accomplish specific tasks or solve problems.